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A Farewell to Arms essays

A Farewell to Arms expositions A Farewell to Arms, by Earnest Hemingway, is an extraordinary novel about the agonies of life including the incredible distress that accompanies loosing those you love. Frederic Henry, the hero of the story, is an American Lieutenant in the Italian Army during the First World War. This reality is huge in realizing why this book was composed on the grounds that Earnest Hemingway, an American, really drove ambulances for the Italian Army during the war. Consequently, one could securely say that this book is to some degree a depiction of Hemingways own encounters during the war. The hole between humanitys honorable words and its disgraceful deeds was never more clear than during World War I. Thus the war serves splendidly as the setting for Hemingways tale of adoration and thwarted expectation. The story starts in the late spring of 1915. This is about the time that Italy joined the war. The beginning spot is a city named Gorizia situated in Northeastern Italy close to the front with Austria-Hungary. This is the place Frederic lives alongside the remainder of the officials. As the story creates, Frederic winds up in a wide range of urban communities and towns, up and down the Italian-Austrian front. The story finishes in the pre-summer of 1918 not in Italy but instead in Lausanne, Switzerland. Hemingways decision of Italy as his setting fortifies his topic. One purpose behind its viability is that Italy was the place Hemingway filled in as a rescue vehicle driver: he knew its territory and its military history well indeed. Italy is likewise a setting that fu rther exhibits the incongruities of war. To the vast majority of the world, France was the place the genuine war was occurring; even today our recollections of World War I are drawn fundamentally from the Western front. Italy was, as Henry says, the pleasant front. However in this pleasant land men are being butchered by the many thousands. What better time and spot could serve for Frederic Henrys goodbye to arms? The epic sta... <! A Farewell to Arms articles For the duration of history, life has comprised of this: the epic fight the skirmish of good and underhandedness, from which every other clash develop. This hidden factor has been put inside writing since the start of composing. From that point to now, books have been founded on the result of good and malice. In the cutting edge books by Ernest Hemmingway, the fight turns into the background of each story. His epic A Farewell to Arms, is an extraordinary case of how this fight is played out. In the story the characters battle to adapt to the truth that is the fight among great and detestable, good and bad, expectation and catastrophe. Great, malevolent, right, and wrong go connected at the hip, however expectation and catastrophe are the outcomes of these happenings. Each tale follows a similar perfect of contention, some more than others. In the novel A Farewell to Arms, the skirmish of good and underhandedness penetrates the characters, just as the setting of the story. The principle character, Fredrick Henry, winds up fighting the powers of good and malevolence start to finish. Fredrick battles nearby the Italians in the main universal war. The Italians are on the Allies of this war, doing combating against the powers of underhandedness, the culprits of the war, who are Germans and Austrians. As a rescue vehicle driver, he hears the weapons, rides into their rage, and gets the aftereffects of their pandemonium. Ordinary this situation plays out and along these lines lands him in the grasp of good and underhandedness, life and demise. Into this chaos of death and pity that is war, he discovers expectation and lo ve in the character of Catherine. Catherine, a beautiful British attendant, is to Henry an explanation behind expectation in what was before an expectation spurned scene. At the point when he is sent to battle in the fields, his likely arrangements for being with Catherine are gobbled up in this new miserable scene. While taking a minor break and eating some cheddar, he is struck by a shell. It perpetrates enormous leg harm. As he comes back from ... <! A Farewell to Arms papers Demise is simply part of life, it is all over the place. Any place you go a person or thing is kicking the bucket. It is genuinely the one thing as individuals that we can't stop, even as hard as we attempt passing will come. In the long run, everyone will kick the bucket, the main inquiry is when will we bite the dust. In the book A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway, he utilizes passing relentless, from representing demise or through an episode. Hemingway represents passing through a downpour of things. At whatever point it is pouring it normally is telling that some is passing on of considering demise. For instance, Catherine is disclosing to Fredrick why she is so terrified of the downpour, Im scared of the downpour on the grounds that occasionally I see me dead in it. Likewise, And at times I see you dead in it (126). The downpour represents demise cause the main thing Catherine can find in the downpour is Fredrick and herself in it. To numerous individuals on the planet downpour is brings demise, from floodings, storms and at times tornadoes. So one can perceive how she can fear downpour. Before all else if the book fall brings passing reason that is the point at which the war was going on. Another model is when Fredrick says, At the beginning of the winter came the perpetual downpour and with the downpour cam the cholera. In any case, it was checked and at long last just 7,000 passed on of it in the military (4). When t he downpour came and individuals began to kick the bucket. Despite the fact that it wasnt individuals executing individuals, however a malady slaughtering individuals. After Fredricks spouse and child had kicked the bucket, when he was stating his last farewell to his better half. Sooner or later I went out and left the medical clinic and strolled back to the inn in the downpour (332). He strolled back in the downpour, it just shows that after death it was pouring. It was coming down and it brought demise the Fredricks spouse and child. In this book, downpour is an incredible item. Hemingway likewise just tells about various occurrences that happen that shows demise. Fredrick and two or three othe ... <! A goodbye to arms articles A genuine American great, A Farewell to Arms is the remarkable story of an American emergency vehicle driver on the Italian front and his longing for a lovely English medical attendant. Hemingways composing causes one to feel bursting at the seams with his rich detail Henry persuades himself he didn't cherish Catherine Barkley nor had any thought of adoring her. This was a game, similar to connect, in which you made statements as opposed to playing a card game. Hemingway's consistent with life adaptation of the adoration between Frederic Henry, first lieutenant in the Italian armed force and Catherine Barkley, an English Red Cross attendant, trapped in the tides of war. Henry is hit in the leg with a channel mortar shell as they were battling against Austria-Hungarians; fortunately they move him to Milan, a similar spot that Catherine is going. After his leave and recuperating time in the emergency clinic he was to return to battling with the men walking in the downpour, ravenous, exhausted and having no assurance left to help themselves. Henry returns in time for the incredible retreat from the Austrians and Germans, the Italian powers become scattered and disorderly. To get away from the main way out is to shoot a specialist sergeant under his order to abandon the war. Following that he plunges into the stream to get away. Henry discovers Catherine in Stresa. With the assistance of the Italian barkeep, they getaway to Switzerland in a little vessel and attempt to overlook the war. Everything is great until Catherine starts giving birth and things decrease and go horrendously wrong....... An account of affection torment, devotion and departure, A Farewell to Arms, a milestone for perusing. ... <! A Farewell to Arms papers Frederic Henry, an American emergency vehicle driver and a lieutenant (tenente) in the Italian armed force, is the storyteller and hero of the novel. The focal point of the novel spins around his affection with Catherine Barkley just as his consistent frustration with the war. Henry is described at first by a kind of separation from life-however all around taught and agreeable, he feels as though he has nothing to do with the war. These sentiments of separation are driven away when Henry experiences passionate feelings for Catherine and starts to understand the antagonistic idea of the world. Thusly, Henry serves the capacity of a character who becomes started in Hemingway's way of thinking of an impassive universe and man's battle against it. Catherine Barkley is an English attendant serving at the Italian front. Because of the inconvenient passing of a fianc past to the occasions of this book, Catherine has just been started into Hemingway's way of thinking, and epitomizes the characteristics of the Hemingway code saint all through the novel. She is described basically by her negligence for social shows just as an unflinching commitment to Henry. A companion of Henry's, the youthful cleric of the division is portrayed by his capacity to keep up confidence in God close by a skepticism with respect to the war. The cleric frequently fills in as guide to Henry, disclosing to him the contrast among affection and desire just as the worthlessness of the war. In spite of having confidence, the minister is a decent character in the novel since his faith in God comes from a conscious decision; it isn't utilized to escape from the world. Henry's flat mate, Rinaldi is a specialist at the Italian front and frequently fills in as foil to both the cleric and Henry. Where the cleric is worried about higher qualities, Rinaldi looks for sure fire delights and exotic connections. Like Henry, however, Rinaldi in the end comes to understand the purposelessness of the war and his own activities (to fix up the injured uniquely to send them bac... <! A Farewell to Arms papers In Hemingways book, A Farewell to Arms, there are numerous ethical exercises to be educated. One of the essential exercises is to be arranged and expect the unforeseen. Numerous cases in the novel help this thought. For example, the principle character, Frederic Henry, never dreams that he will begin to look all starry eyed at Catherine Barkley. From the outset, he just wishes to utilize her and take bit of leeway of her circumstance, yet later, he starts to look past his indecent wants and really love

Do you build Bridge or Fence

Do you build Bridge or Fence Once upon a time two brothers, who lived on adjoining farms, fell into conflict. It was the first serious rift in 40 years of farming side by side, sharing machinery, and trading labor and goods as needed without a conflict.Then the long collaboration fell apart. It began with a small misunderstanding and it grew into a major difference, and finally it exploded into an exchange of bitter words followed by weeks of silence.One morning there was a knock on the older brothers door. He opened it to find a man with a carpenter’s tool box. “I’m looking for a few days’ work.” he said. “Perhaps you would have a few small jobs here and there I could help with?”“Yes.” said the older brother. “I do have a job for you. Look across the creek at that farm. That’s my neighbor; in fact, it’s my younger brother. Last week there was a meadow between us and he took his bulldozer to the river levee and now there is a creek between us. Well, he may have done this to spite me, b ut I’ll do him one better.”“See that pile of lumber by the barn? I want you to build me a fence â€"an 8-foot fence â€" so I won’t need to see his place or his face anymore.”The carpenter said, “I think I understand the situation. Show me the nails and the post-hole digger and I’ll be able to do a job that pleases you.”The older brother had to go to town, so he helped the carpenter get the materials ready and then he was off for the day.The carpenter worked hard all that day measuring, sawing, nailing. About sunset when the farmer returned, the carpenter had just finished his job.The farmer’s eyes opened wide, his jaw dropped. There was no fence there at all. It was a bridge â€" a bridge stretching from one side of the creek to the other! A fine piece of work, handrails and all â€" and the neighbor, his younger brother, was coming toward them, his arms outstretched â€"  â€œYou are quite a fellow to build this bridge after all I’ve said and done.”The two brothers stood at each end of the bridge, and then they met in the middle, taking each other’s hand.They turned to see the carpenter hoist his toolbox onto his shoulder.“No, wait! Stay a few days. I’ve a lot of other projects for you,” said the older brother.“I’d love to stay on,” the carpenter said, but I have many more bridges to build.Author Unknown

Elie Wiesel A Holocaust Survivor - 723 Words

â€Å"I only know that without this testimony, my life as a writer--or my life, period-- would not become what it is: that of a witness who believes he has a moral obligation to try to prevent the enemy from enjoying one last victory by allowing his crimes to be erased from human memory† (Wiesel, Night viii). As a result of the horrors that Elie Wiesel experienced during the Holocaust, he devoted his life to become meaningful. Wiesel’s decent disposition changes through atrociously inhumane conduct toward Jews during the Holocaust as he becomes a brute to solidify identity, levy fears, and boost morale. Before his arrival in Auschwitz, Wiesel identified himself as a devout Jew training in his studies of Kabbalah. When he first arrived at the camp, he refuses to eat his first prison meal, but he later regrets this decision as he realizes that â€Å"[he] was terribly hungry and swallowed [his] ration on the spot† (Wiesel, Night 44). Wiesel had to eat whenever food is available because if not, he would no longer be the devout, young Jew he was prior to the camp. A dentist was assigned to take out gold crowns for Germany’s benefit, but Wiesel intentionally avoided losing his gold crown because â€Å"it could be useful to [him] one day, to buy something, some break or even time to live† (Wiesel, Night 52). As Wiesel started to lose his identity, he needed to hold on to anything he has, which is similar to the behavior of brutes because civilized humans do not take potentially dangerousShow MoreRelatedElie Wiesel as a Survivor of the Holocaust2000 Words   |  8 Pa gescamps during the Holocaust. This started when the Nazi party established a â€Å"Final Solution† that sought out to eradicate the inferior Jewish race from Germany and the world (â€Å"Holocaust†). A person cannot look at this event and see nothing except for the dark, evil side of human nature. However, if a person looks at the Holocaust from a survivor’s point of view, they can see the good side of human nature, especially if someone looks at it from Elie Wiesel’s perspective. Elie Wiesel and his family wereRead MoreElie Wiesel : The Survivor Of The Holocaust2445 Words   |  10 Pagesloss of a loved one. However, some experiences are more devastating than others. Each survivor has his/her way of coping with the trauma and maintaining sanity. Elie Wiesel, one the survivors of the Holocaust, gives us some insight into dealing with extremely difficult experiences. He spent a year imprisoned in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps, the same camps where he lost all his family members (Wiesel 15). After his liberation, he moved to France where he learned French and studiedRead More Elie Wiesel Holocaust Survivor Essay2497 Words   |  10 PagesElie Wiesel Holocaust Survivor As war broke out in Europe during 1939, no one could either imagine or believe the terror that Adolf Hitler would soon bring to the lives of Jewish people. Drawing from his paranoia and a drive for a world Nazi power, Hitler singled out the Jews as the cause for problems in Germany and began to carry out his plan for the destruction of a part of humanity. Hitler not only persecuted the Jews of Germany, but he also targeted the Jews in Poland and other parts ofRead MoreWiesel s Experience Of Injustice During The Holocaust984 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly know as the Holocaust. The Holocaust began in 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany (Rosenberg). Among the few hundred survivors was Elie Wiesel. Wiesel was only fifteen years old when him and his family were deported to a concentration camp. His mother, father and younger sister were all killed within the camp, but Wiesel and his two older sisters were able to survive. After his traumatizing experience, Wiesel stood up f or others who were being oppressed. Elie Wiesel fought injusticesRead MoreThe Destruction Of The Holocaust1203 Words   |  5 Pagespreventing it. Elie Wiesel’s fulfilled his purpose of showing the heinous crimes of the Holocaust through the change of characterization of Elie before, during and after the events of Wiesel s 1940 memoir-Night. The Holocaust is remembered as a stain on history, where a massive genocide occurred. but we must also recognize the souls and personalities that were killed and burned. Wiesel trembling hands picked up these ashes, personifying their ebony remains into a young child-Elie. For every soulRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Night In Night By Elie Wiesel920 Words   |  4 Pages This proves true for the survivors of the holocaust, they now have the power to stop things like this from happening ever again. For Elie Wiesel, this is especially true, after he survived he went on to write the book â€Å"Night†, this book has really helped people to understand what truly happened and to gain respect for the survivors; he also went on to win a number of awards, including the nobel peace prize. In the book â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel, our main character, Elie, changes through the traumatizingRead MoreThe Psychological Association Of Night By Elie Wiesel1285 Words   |  6 Pages2008). With this definition in mind, it no surprise that the Holocaust is one of the most traumatic events in history. Millions upon millions of people either lost their own lives, or watched the lives of their loved ones be taken right in front of their eyes. Many survivors so lemnly admit that the hardest deaths to watch were those of children. In fact, an estimated 1.5 million children were killed during the tragedy (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2016). However, one cannot help but wonderRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel Analysis764 Words   |  4 Pages with my own eyes†¦ children thrown into the flames.† (Wiesel 32). The previous sentence is a quote from Elie Wiesel’s memoir, Night. Wiesel’s memoir is a first person account of a survivor of the Holocaust that occurred between 1933-1945. Over six million Jews were placed in concentration camps and murdered during this time period. Less than one percent of the Jews in the holocaust survived, but Elie Wiesel was one of the very few survivors. He lived on to tell his story of the pain and sufferingRead MoreElie Wiesel s The Holocaust1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Holocaust appeared to be a time of darkness and it seemed like on Earth and in heaven, each doorway of humani ty, empathy, and kindness had been closed down. Those who did not encounter the Holocaust cannot begin to comprehend what it was like, however, those who did cannot begin to express it. Torture, genocide, and cruel acts started to fill brains and souls. The Holocaust was an event where millions of people were being murdered during World War II. The memoir, Night by Elie Wiesel is basedRead MoreEssay on Literary Insperation of the Holocaust1664 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary Insperation of the Holocaust Why do the survivors of such a tragic event such as the Holocaust want to remember those horrifying times by writing about memories that most people would only want to forget? I will show, Weisel has talked about, and as others have written, that the victims of the holocaust wrote about their experiences not only to preserve the history of the event, but so that those who were not involved and those who did survive can understand what really happened.

I Chose Msg Ad My Legacy Leader - 861 Words

Retired MSG John Landale Ada is the older of two sons and was born in Watertown, N.Y. on February 18, 1967. He graduated from Indian River Central High School in Philadelphia, New York in 1986. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting from Utica College of Syracuse University in 1991. He joined the Army in 1994 where he met his wife, Brooke, while both were attending Advance Individual Training for Intelligence Analysts at Fort Huachuca. After serving seven years in the Army and being stationed in multiple installations, he was then assigned at 1st Special Forces Group (Airborne) as an Intelligence analyst in the All Source Production Section (ASPS). He served multiple leadership position while being stationed in 1st Special Forces Group(1SFG). I met MSG Ada when I was stationed at 1SFG as a Human Intelligence NCO back in 2007. I was just a sergeant at that time and was a little bit intimidated that my first line supervisor was MSG Ada, my Legacy Leader. I chose MSG Ada as my legacy leader because he molded me into the Senior Leader that I am now. MSG Ada is an exceptional leader that is well known in the chain of command. He is a well respected leader in the Special Forces community, even though he is not a green beret. He was able to earn the trust and confidence of his superior and his peers. I was so amazed that his analytical and planning skills were highly sought out in 1SFG. He demonstrated his excellent technical skills and respected by many

Materials Management Proposal Free Essays

Materials and operations management play a crucial role in the success of any organization. Of particular importance to the materials and operations divisions is management’s complete understanding of the hospitals functions as a whole entity. After reading this paper, one will understand the importance of materials management and operations management as well as how both departments must work together to ensure the hospital runs efficiently and maintains profitability. We will write a custom essay sample on Materials Management Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, one will also understand the importance of a supply chain and possible constraints to the implementation of the process. Additionally, one will understand the effects of a new collaborative planning process and why such a process is beneficial to the hospital. Finally, suggestions will be given to enable the hospital to manage the supply chain in situations of disaster. Role of Materials and Operations Management Materials management is perhaps the most important part of health care as â€Å"total expenditures can total nearly 50% of a hospital’s budget† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 41). Materials managers are held responsible for many functions. However, the most important attribute a materials manager must possess is coordination. â€Å"Materials management directs the healthcare supply chain by coordinating the flow of goods from manufacturers, through distributors, through hospital receiving docks, to the point of ultimate use or consumption† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 242). Operations management is another important function of a hospital. Healthcare operations management is the quantitative management of the supporting business systems and processes that transform resources (or inputs) into healthcare services (outputs)† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 6). Just as materials managers have many functions and goals, so too do operations managers. Key functions of the operations manager include â€Å"workflow, physical layout, capacity design, physical network optimization, staffing levels, productivity management, supply chain and logistics management, quality management, and process engineering† (Langabeer, 2008, p. ). Goals of the operations manager include reducing costs, reducing variability and improving logistics flow, improving productivity, improving the quality of customer service, and continuously improving business processes (Langabeer, 2008). However, the most important goal operations managers must strongly consider when implementing a materials management plan is reducing costs. Operations managers have many opportunities to reduce costs. Costs can be reduced by analyzing budgets, tracking resources, and finding ways to reduce product and services costs. â€Å"Finding waste, improving utilization, and generally stabilizing and reducing the overall cost of delivering services are essential functions† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 9). The most effective way for operations managers to reduce costs is to record all aspects of the organization and periodically review progress either monthly or quarterly. A hospital with appropriate tracking and management systems will be much more likely to reduce costs because it understands the underlying cost structure† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 9). A few ways materials management influences operations management are as follows: â€Å"the nature of the activities† in the materials management department â€Å"is actually quite operational, they have an impact on downstream departments and patient satisfaction, they are labor-intensive processes, and many times they draw from the s ame labor talent pool† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 244). Constraints to the Supply Chain Constraints are inevitable and every organization is prone to them whether the organization is in the manufacturing sector or service sector. A few constraints hospitals face include â€Å"managing supply levels, higher labor costs, space constraints, and multiple product classifications† (Sentient Health, 2007). Considering the above constraints, the main goal of both operations and materials managers is to reduce costs. The most beneficial way for hospitals to overcome constraints as well as reduce costs is to automate the supply chain. Supply automation is the use of technology to streamline inventory, consumption, charging and ordering procedures. Examples of this include the use of bar codes or radio frequency identification to identify and track inventory as it moves throughout the supply chain† (Sentient Health, 2007, p. 2). However before implementation can begin, the hospital must evaluate the advantages of automation as well as t he factors the hospital must consider when deciding to implement such a system. According to Sentient Health (2007), the advantages of automation include â€Å"reduced manual effort, greater information accuracy, improved inventory performance, improved cash flow, improved space utilization, and improved purchasing decisions† (p. 3). While understanding the benefits of such a system is important to the process, knowing which areas the system will have an effect on is detrimental to the hospitals implementation success. Factors to consider before implementing such a system include â€Å"mobility, ease of use, cost/budget/objectives, flexibility/ease of integration, and reporting† (Sentient Health, 2007, p. 3). Effects and Justification of a New Collaborative Planning Process Although automation is one option for the hospital to reduce costs and improve supply chains, other options such as sales and operations planning (SOP) and collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR). The main focus of SOP is to coordinate demand and supply with the intention of increasing the hospital’s profitability (Langabeer, 2008). To ensure the SOP process is successful, the hospitals operations management must focus on four key principles: (1) provide a common base of information around the immediate market dynamics; (2) manage supply chain performance; (3) manage product portfolios collaboratively; and (4) create business plans and scenarios in which departments can share. According to Langabeer (2008), â€Å"benefits from the SOP process include better cross-functional alignment, gap analysis, more efficient resource planning, and more effective use of promotional resources† (p. 338). CPFR is another option available to the hospital. â€Å"CPFR seeks to improve the relationship between retailers and suppliers with the intent to achieve full collaboration and improve the sharing of information around consumer point-of-sales data through the retail supply chain to improve overall chain performance† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 338). The main difference between CPFR and the other two options available to reduce costs and improve supply chains is a set of guidelines operations managers must follow during implementation. The guidelines are as follows: (1) share a common philosophy among all parties of implementation; (2) operations managers must use specific definitions and detail into the business process; (3) operations managers must ensure data resulting from the process is precise, easily accessible, and understood completely by all parties taking part in the process. Finally, for CPFR to be successful, milestones must be set. Particular milestones of importance to the hospital â€Å"include an improvement in forecasting accuracy, improvements in customer service levels or fill rates to providers, increased product line availability, reduction of inventory levels, and generally better financial cash flows† (Langabeer, 2008, p. 340-341). Coping in a Disaster Situation Disaster situations are difficult to plan for because disasters are unpredictable. However, materials and operations managers must understand the implications a disaster situation has on the hospital as well as ways to effectively handle such a situation to ensure patient safety, customer satisfaction, and profitability remain a priority. Richey (2009) refers to a pyramid when discussing supply chains in disaster situations. The composition of the pyramid includes the following tiers: capstone-resource management; left-facing front corner-collaboration, which is based on the relationship management theory; right-facing front corner-communication, which is based on communication theory; and back corner-contingency planning, which is based on the competing values theory. According to Richey (2009, p. 621), he interconnection† of the above principles include â€Å"(1) finding ways to effectively partner and develop improving collaborative relationships built of long-term commitment; (2) fostering information development and exchange for facilitating strategic planning based in limited safeguarding; and (3) developing contingency programs that incorporate the flexibility for responding to the inevitable changes in expected events while pursuing sometimes inconsistent goals. Conclusion  Materials and operations management work hand-in-hand to ensure the hospital runs as efficiently as possible. Furthermore, understanding all aspects of the supply chain will ensure materials and operations managers are readily equipped to deal with situations of disaster. However, operations and materials managers must understand the importance of such a concept. Understanding how to handle such a situation will ensure materials and operations managers the ability to maintain order as well as patient safety and continued profitability. How to cite Materials Management Proposal, Essay examples

Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish Essay Example

Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish Paper Within fish, the counter-current exchange system allows for the efficient extraction of oxygen from the water by the gills. Basically when a fish takes in water, the flow of it is opposite to the flow of blood. As they rush by each other oxygen from the water is given to the blood (metabolic rate is also effected in animals that remain active because tend to consume more oxygen than those at rest). The size of a fish is relevant to oxygen consumption as larger fish consume more oxygen overall than smaller fish. The primary objective of this experiment is to note the effects of temperature on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rates of goldfish. We hypothesize that the ventilation rate of those fish that are subjected to warmer water temperatures versus colder temperatures will have a higher ventilation rate. The Fish in the warm water will consume more oxygen than the fish in the cold water. Overall oxygen will be mostly consumed by the fish that are in the warm water. MATERIALS METHODS Split into groups of two, we were given Goldfish fairly similar in weight. We then transferred the fish to the appropriate jar from the beaker that was used to sigh them and added sufficient amounts of water to fill their capacities. After about 10 minutes, we hastily added the sponges to the jar pushing it halfway down the jar to assure no oxygen had entered the empty spaces between the water and the sponge. We then refilled the jars with the appropriate amounts of water and allowed a small amount to overflow. We then quickly placed the calibrated oxygen probes on and took the initial readings for the ventilation rate (Ventilations per minute), oxygen concentration (MGM/L) and temperature (co) for O minutes. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report on Ventilation and Oxygen Consumption in Fish specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ventilation rates are in direct correlation with temperature. Graph II. Oxygen Concentration of Group and Class. Warm water shows a trend f less oxygen concentration while cold water shows a higher concentration of oxygen. Graph Ill. Oxygen Consumption of Group and Class. The trend shows that fishes consume more oxygen in warm water, except after the 30 min. Interval. DISCUSSION In Graph l, as predicted the fish in the warm water will have a higher rate of ventilation compared to fish in the cold water. The Class Mean of Ventilation Rates showed an overall significant difference where the fish in warm water has a high ventilation rate than the fish in the cold water. In Graph II, as predicted the fish in warm water used up more oxygen and thus ad a lesser concentration than the fish in the cold water as their body processes slow down and oxygen is conserved itself. There was an error as oxygen concentration increased after 30 minutes for the fish in warm water as some how it seemed as if more oxygen was added in the closed container. The result of the fish in the cold water, as predicted showed that oxygen gradually decreased which itself as the body processes of fish slowed down. In Graph Ill, in general the results showed that both the fish in our group and by the class standard had something go wrong as for the warm fish, oxygen munitions should have remained stable over periods of time, and the oxygen consumption of the fish in the warm water should have over all been higher as the fish in the cold water slow down their metabolic and respiratory processes. In both interpretation of the data, oxygen consumption increased and decreased repeatedly. Meaning oxygen was somehow added to the beaker containing the fish. This error may have happened through individual groups not properly securing that their sponge had no air bubbles within it, before replacing it back into the beaker with the water. This may have possibly been responsible for the Geiger concentration of oxygen therefore interfering with our results. Also for every group their opposing fish in similar weight, were not identically the same size, each fish was a mere estimate one another. This may have tempered results as fish that are generally larger in size consume more oxygen. As a fish ventilates, it absorbs oxygen and within a closed chamber (as conducted by this experiment) the amount of oxygen present decreases. Metabolic rates depend on temperature. As temperature increases the rate of oxygen consumption increases too, although an increase in temperature demands efficient amount of oxygen. ABSTRACT Oxygen is just as fundamentally vital for fishes as it is for the well-being of Humans. In this Lab we examined if varying the temperature of the water had caused a change in the ventilation rate and oxygen consumption of Goldfish. In this experiment we hoped to demonstrate the effect of temperature variance on the ventilation rates of Goldfish. This was done by having two fish (similar in weight) respectively placed in tanks of differing water temperature. One tank filled with water 25 degrees Celsius (room temperature) and another tank with eater of 15 degrees Celsius. We then measured ventilation rate and oxygen consumption. The results showed that the fish placed in the warmer water had a higher ventilation rate than those that were placed in the colder water. They also expended more oxygen having lesser concentration than the fish in the colder water. There is however, a probability of error. Firstly, because our fish were not completely identical in weight and secondly, when placing the sponge into the jar containing fish there may have still been oxygen bubbles within it that may have manipulated our results.

Microfinance Essay Example

Microfinance Essay Example Microfinance Essay Microfinance Essay Microfinance refers to the proviso of fiscal services on a sustainable footing to the hapless who are by and large outside the range of formal fiscal markets and frequently includes societal intermediation ( Churchill Frankiewicz, 2006 ; Ledgerwood, 2001 ) . Surveies have demonstrated the impact of Microfinance on poorness decrease including making the hapless, raising their economic good being every bit good as authorising them. In peculiar, Microfinance has shown to authorise adult females through supplying entree to material resources and increasing their engagement in family determination devising ( Khandker, 2002 ; Robinson, 2001 ; Todd, 2000, Amin et Al, 1998 ; Buvinic, 1983 ) . As with the remainder of the South Asia part, Microfinance in Sri Lanka has a long history dating back to the early old ages of the twentieth century ( World Bank, 2006 ) . Microfinance has been given a taking function in authorities poorness decrease plans, and in its rigorous sense began to be widely recognized in Sri Lanka as a cardinal tool for relieving poorness and authorising the hapless with the passage of the authorities s Janasaviya Program in 1989. This plan was subsequently replaced by the Samurdhi Development Program, which was introduced in 1995 and remains the largest authorities enterprise ( Thilakaratna, Wickramasinghe Kumara, 2005 ; Fernando, 2009 ) . The Samurdhi Program has extended coverage in the rural countries and the bulk of the plan participants are adult females. Some research workers question the impact of microfinance on adult females s authorization. They view the consequence of adult females s engagement in Microfinance plans as reenforcing patriarchal norms of adult females s subordination taking to declining gender relationships and disempowerment of adult females ( Goetz Gupta, 1996 ; Montgomery et Al, 1996 ; Rahman, 1999 ) . This article provides some penetration into this argument by analyzing the impact of the Samurdhi Program in authorising rural adult females in Sri Lanka. The survey was conducted in the Ihala Koswaththa small town situated in Kurunegala District in North Western Province of Sri Lanka. The appraisal in this article relies on the female Microfinance clients of Ihala Koswaththa to bespeak and measure the alterations that entree to Microfinance services through the Samurdhi Program has brought into their lives. Microfinance and Women s Authorization The construct of authorization is complex and there is no understanding on a individual definition of authorization in the literature. However, the bulk of the definitions at least hold on the fact that authorization is a progressive procedure of alteration instead than an terminal merchandise. Harmonizing to Keiffer ( 1984 ) , authorization is a development procedure that includes the four phases of entry, promotion, incorporation, and committedness. The entry phase is referred to as an act of aggravation that appears to be motivated by the person s experience of some event or status endangering to the ego or household. The advancement phase includes the three major facets of mentoring relationships, supportive equal relationships with a corporate organisation, and the development of a more critical apprehension of societal and political dealingss. During the advancement phase these three facets are considered to be of import in go oning the empowerment procedure. The incorporation phase focuses on the development of increasing political consciousness. In the concluding phase of committedness the persons apply the new participatory competency to of all time spread outing countries of their lives. Whitmore ( 1988 ) identifies some common implicit in premises when specifying authorization. These premises are: persons understand their ain demands better than anyone else and hence should hold the power to both define and act upon them ; all people possess strengths upon which they can construct ; authorization is a womb-to-tomb enterprise ; and personal cognition and experience are valid and utile in get bying efficaciously. While it is already complicated to specify and gestate authorization in general, specifying adult females s authorization is even more hard. Empowering adult females may specifically mention to their economic state of affairs, but besides to increased well-being and transmutation of power dealingss, all depending on their existing conditions and point of view. Furthermore, authorization may reflect itself in adult females s engagement in societal and political activities, and hence ideally authorising other adult females as good ( Majoor, Manders, 2009 ) . The following table high spots different conceptualisations and models for adult females s authorization in Microfinance. Different Conceptualization and Frameworks for Women s Authorization Moser s ( Gender Needs ) Framework ( 1989 ) Emphasis in this model is laid on gender demands Women s involvement: the diverse, complex and frequently conflicting involvements which adult females hold as persons and which are hence shaped by category, ethnicity, age and gender Practical gender involvement: arises because of different gender functions and are formulated by ( wo ) work forces themselves in response to an immediate perceived need Strategic gender involvements: arises from a feminist analysis of adult females s subordination ( and work forces s laterality ) aimed at transforming gender dealingss for gender equality Longwe s ( Progression ) Framework ( 1989,1991 ) This model presents empowerment as a additive entity, both as a phase that feeds into the following phase, from Social welfare: with improved adult females s stuff public assistance such as nutrient, income, and medical attention, etc. Entree: on equal terms to factors of production and public services Conscientisation: on the difference between, with the purpose of transmutation of sex and gender functions Engagement: as peers, ( wo ) work forces partake in determination devising, policy procedures and disposal Control: with ( wo ) work forces every bit taking control over factors of production and the distribution of benefits at that place from without laterality Rowland s ( Power Process ) Framework ( 1997 ) The accent of Rowland is on power, i.e Power from within: single alterations in assurance and consciousness Power to: capableness and capacity betterment as in accomplishments, income, and market and occupation entree Power over: overcoming subjection at family, community and macro degree Power with: networking, partnership, coaction and joint action to dispute and alter power dealingss Chen s ( Product ) Framework ( 1997 ) Material alteration: in income ( measure and security ) ; resources ( entree, control, and ownership ) ; basic demands ( for good being ) ; and gaining capacity ( handiness and ability to take chance ) Perceptual alteration: in ego regard ( of individualism, involvement and value ) ; self assurance ( in ain ability and capacity ) ; vision of future ( by frontward be aftering ) ; and visibleness and regard ( for single value and parts ) Relational alteration: in determination devising ( in family and community ) ; dickering power, engagement ( in local establishments and processes eg. Politicss ) ; self trust ( reduced dependance and increased mutuality as peers ) and organisational strenghths ( construction and leading ) Beginning: Adapted from Mayoux ( 2002 ) Kabeer ( 2001 ) discusses why assorted surveies come up with different replies to whether adult females are empowered or non through engagement in Microfinance plans. She explains these contrasting replies as a consequence of analyzing authorization as a additive procedure, of methodological analysis and the position of adult females as a homogenous group. She argues that authorization should non be studied as a additive procedure, and alternatively it should be viewed as a multidimensional procedure of many degrees, where causes and effects are non easy distinguished. Therefore, it is non much usage to use quantitative methods in such surveies, which confirms authorization through a few indexs that might non be valid in all instances. She farther explains that adult females are non a homogenous group but a group of persons and authorization is a subjective experience because adult females respond to assorted chances in different ways, and hence, adult females s authorization should be studied from the adult females s point of view, by listening to their personal experiences and mentioning to their apprehension of world. Mayoux ( 2000 ) suggests three contrasting paradigms of adult females s authorization in Microfinance plans. Fiscal ego sustainability paradigm: based on plans sustained by adult females s refund rates and anticipating authorization to emerge Poverty relief paradigm: where Microfinance is integrated with community development, aiming the hapless and family well-being is linked to empowerment Feminist empowerment paradigm: is a sectoral scheme that centers adult females s authorization and offers Microfinance as a means to this terminal Mayoux ( 1999 ) views the consequence of Microfinance on adult females s authorization as a set of reciprocally reenforcing virtuous spirals of increasing economic authorization, improved well-being, and societal and economic authorization. She farther suggests that although the above mentioned three distinguishable paradigms of adult females s authorization in Microfinance come from different theoretical underpinnings they are believed to take to similar virtuous spirals of authorization, both for single adult females and at the family, community and macro degree ( Mayox, 2009 ) . Microfinance and Rural Womans: Procedure of Authorization Savingss and Credit Refund Women s Decision about Savings and Credit Use Women s Microenterprise Increased Status and Changing Roles Women s Decision about Consumption Increased Wellbeing of Women Ability to Negotiate Change in Gender Relations Increased Income Income under Women s Control Women s Networks and Mobility Increased Wellbeing of Children Increased Wellbeing of Men Increased Wage Employment for Women Wider Motions for Social Political Legal Change Economic Authorization Social, Political Legal Empowerment Increased Wellbeing Fiscal Self Sustainability Paradigm Poverty Alleviation Paradigm Feminist Empowerment Paradigm Beginning: Mayoux ( 2002 ) Women s economic authorization is the chief focal point of the fiscal sustainability paradigm. It is assumed that increasing adult females s entree to Microfinance services will in itself lead to single economic authorization through enabling adult females s determinations about nest eggs and recognition usage, enabling adult females to put up Microenterprises, increasing incomes under their control. It is so assumed that this increased economic authorization will take to improved good being of adult females and besides to socio-political authorization. The fiscal sustainability and feminist authorization paradigms accent is more on increasing incomes at the family and the usage of loans for ingestion. Well being betterments are the premier focal point of poorness decrease paradigm. The premise is that increasing adult females s entree to Microfinance will enable adult females to do greater parts to household income and this together with other intercessions to increase family good being will interpret into improved good being for adult females and enable adult females to convey about wider alterations in gender inequality. Women s societal and political authorization is considered to be as a combination of increased economic activity and control over income ensuing from entree to Microfinance is expected to better adult females s accomplishments, mobility, and entree to knowledge and back up webs. This leads farther to heighten position for all adult females within the community and wider alterations in adult females s functions. These alterations are expected to be reinforced by group formation, taking to wider motions for societal and political alteration. The fiscal ego sustainability paradigm and the poorness relief paradigm assume that this societal and political authorization will happen without specific intercessions to alter gender dealingss at the family, community or macro degrees. By contrast, the feminist authorization paradigm advocates expressed schemes for back uping adult females s ability to protect their single and corporate gender involvement at the family, community and macro degree s ( Mayoux, 2006 ) . Methodology The analysis in this survey draws on the primary informations collected during fieldwork in Ihala Koswaththa small town during September 2007 and 2010. The survey is qualitative in nature with informations collected through in depth interviews with single Samurdhi Program donees, little groups, Samurdhi field officers, and Grama Niladhari officer, informal interviews, and observations made by sing beneficiary families, hebdomadal Samurdhi group meetings and monthly meetings of Samurdhi societies during the fieldwork. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling. by choosing information rich instances on the footing of theoretical impregnation, and the interviews of Samurdhi Microfinance clients were conducted with the married center aged hapless adult females in the small town. For the intent of analysing the impact of the Samurdhi Program on adult females s authorization in rural countries, this survey has divided adult females s authorization in to three dimensions economic authorization, increased well-being, and societal and political authorization. These dimensions are based on Mayoux ( twelvemonth? ) . The Samurdhi Program consists of three chief constituents ; the proviso of ingestion grants, the proviso of nest eggs and recognition installations, and community development plans. Although the fiscal services through the Samurdhi Program are provided under the 2nd constituent, the plan frequently mixes public assistance services and fiscal services as all three constituents are operated as built-in support activities. Due to the fact that all the adult females who were involved in this research were Samurdhi public assistance grant receivers, the impact on these adult females s authorization may non merely be attributed to the fiscal services but besides to the other constituent of the plan every bit good. An Overview of the Samurdhi Program Samurdhi, which means prosperity in the local linguistic communication, is a Sri Lankan authorities sponsored national poorness relief plan. The plan has a big per centum of hapless households as members of it Bankss. The plan was launched by an act of parliament in 1995. The act stipulates that the chief maps of the Samurdhi National Program are to better the economic and societal conditions of young person, adult females and disadvantaged groups. The plan achieves this by: broadening chances for income sweetening and employment ; incorporating mark groups into economic and societal development activities ; associating household degree economic activities with community development undertakings at small town, territory, divisional and provincial degrees ; mobilising engagement in the planning and direction of undertakings ; furthering cooperation, advancing nest eggs and helping in obtaining recognition ; easing the bringing of inputs and services of authorities sections, public corporations, local governments, private sector organisations and nongovernmental organisations to donees of the plan, and to implement the plan so formulated and other plans of the authorities poorness relief. ( Glinskaya, 2000 ) Since its origin, Samurdhi has changed from being a simple income transportation strategy to a more comprehensive plan embracing non merely public assistance, but besides banking, nest eggs, insurance, occupation preparation, substructure development and self employment. Institutional and Organizational Structure of the Samurdhi Program Ministry of Nation Building and Estate Infrastructure Development Department of Commissioner General of Samurdhi Samurdhi Authority Sri Lanka National Level District Secretary District Samurdhi Office District Directors Assistant Commissioner Samurdhi District Degree Divisional Secretary Divisional Samurdhi Unit Deputy Director Headquarter Managers Divisional Degree Zonal Directors Zonal Degree Grama Niladhari Divisional Level ( Samurdhi Task Force ) Samurdhi Development Military officers Village Degree Small Groups of Beneficiaries Beginning: Modoran Grashof ( 2009 ) The organisational construction of the Samurdhi plan is complex and extremely hierarchal, traveling from the Grama Niladhari Division level up to the zonal, divisional, territory and national degrees. The plan has three major constituents: proviso of ingestion grant ( nutrient casts ) , proviso of nest eggs and recognition installations, and rehabilitation and development of rural substructure. Financial services are provided through the Banking Finance Division of the Samurdhi Authority that follows a similar hierarchal construction and act as the caput office of Samurdhi Bank Societies or SBSs which carry out the 2nd constituent of nest eggs and recognition plan ( Modoran Grashof, 2009 ) . Samurdhi Bank Societies ( SBSs ) are community based loaning societies. SBSs have a modified small town banking theoretical account where the members of the societies are linked to village Bankss for nest eggs and loans and these Bankss are besides owned by the society members. The theoretical account has centralized direction with authorization and the societal development aims are built in the methodological analysis. SBSs are managed by adult females and group loaning, where merely members or stockholders can borrow, is used. The borrower has to be in a group of five people with the other four members vouching the loan refund. Samurdhi finances its loans merely from the nest eggs and portions in the Samurdhi Bank where savings go a portion of the collateral. Individual Samurdhi Banks are non separate legal entities, but have autonomy within the general guidelines given by the authorities Samurdhi Authority ( Atapattu, 2009 ; Modoran Grashof, 2009 ) . With the emphasize of an enhanced attempt at rural financing the Samurdhi Program has attempted to mobilise voluntary nest eggs among its donees, construct up recognition establishments for the hapless and ease their entree to the formal banking system ( Gunatillake, 2000 ) while supplying other recognition plus services ( Atapattu, 2009 ) . The plan serves the largest figure of Microfinance patronage in the state holding a important outreach to hapless people. However, they are besides the largest supplier of public assistance services, and hence they frequently mix public assistance services and fiscal services in questionable ways such as coercing hapless people having societal public assistance grants to put aside a per centum of the grant in inflexible nest eggs histories ( Duflos et al, 2006 ) . The Context: Ihala Koswaththa Village Ihala Koswaththa is a rural small town situated in Bingiriya Secretariat Division in Kurunegala District falling under the intermediate agro ecological zone that includes both dry and wet agro ecological zones in North Western Province of Sri Lanka. The territory is good served by microfinance organisations and in 2000 had the most widespread coverage by Microfinance establishments among all territories in Sri Lanka ( Gant et al, 2002 ) . The country marked on the map below illustrates the location of Ihala Koswaththa small town, the instance survey location. Beginning: Created by Writer Bingiriya Secretariat Division consists of 50 two small towns in four zones and Ihala Koswaththa is in the Bingiriya zone. The small town is located about two kilometres off from the chief beginning of public transit service, which is non really efficient. Though Ihala Koswaththa is considered as a rural small town it is non every bit isolated as other rural small towns in Sri Lanka. However, the villagers still face considerable market and substructure restraints in bettering their supports. The following table high spots the basic demographic information of Ihala Koswaththa. Table 1: Population of Ihala Koswaththa Village in 2010 Classs Number Population and Households Families Average Number of People per Household Entire Population Work force Womans Population Over Age 18 Samurdhi Welfare Grant Recipient Households Social Security Scheme Beneficiaries Government Pension Recipients Government Employees Defense Force Employees Small and Medium Enterprises 620 4 2,502 1,181 1,321 1,637 111 75 23 29 31 50 Beginning: Created by Author based on fieldwork The small town has a population of 2,502 with 620 households and an mean family size of four people, merely five households had over six members. Ihala Koswaththa is chiefly a Sinhala small town where there were merely two Tamil households and one Muslim household in the small town. Merely a few households have been in Ihala Koswaththa for coevalss with the remainder of the villagers being largely migrators who late settled in the small town. The recent migrators were cultivating small town lands even though they were non the legal proprietors. They subsequently gained ownership of these lands under assorted land statute law plans such as Swarnabhumi, Janabhumi and the Land Reforms Commission ( LRC ) . However, some of the migrators are still without any proper ownership of the lands that they are cultivating. Both work forces and adult females in the small town are preponderantly involved in agricultural and twenty-four hours laborer occupations. Common agricultural harvests include paddy, veggies, coconuts, Anacardium occidentales, betel foliages, and black Piper nigrum. There are besides activities such as retail dress shops and domestic fowl farms are across the small town. Villagers are besides involved in seasonal income bring forthing activities such as coir drying and straining. There are many family issues present in the small town including domestic struggle, individual female parents, and intoxicant maltreatment. These issues lead to a greater duty being topographic points on adult females as income generators. Many adult females from the small town work as amahs in the Middle East and direct remittals back place. Additionally, most of the immature single adult females from hapless households in the small town work for the garment industry. Samurdhi Program and other Microfinance Interventions in Ihala Koswaththa Village As found in Table 1, there are 111 Samurdhi Welfare Grant receiver families among the 620 households in Ihala Koswaththa small town. T he chief constituents of of the Samurdhi Program including public assistance, nest eggs and recognition plans, and community development plans are available in Ihala Koswaththa. Under the community development plans there are several preparation and societal development activities such as adult females s preparation plans, lodging development undertakings, substructure development undertakings, irrigation and agribusiness development activities, a hebdomadal market, the kids s society, plans for the aged, and scholarships for the kids of Samurdhi donees. The Samurdhi Program in based on participatory development rules and hence groups at assorted degrees are created by the plan to mobilise and promote engagement where there are several action groups in each small town. Smalle groups of five are organized to consolidate and develop the member s accomplishments and abilities. The Samurdhi Task Force is another grassroots level organisation comprised of immature work forces and adult females between 18 to 35 old ages old. The undertaking force contributes to supplying the necessary substructure to small towns under the Community Development Project. Advisory councils comprised of intellectuals, seniors, and clergy members of the country provide counsel and advice to these undertaking forces. There are besides divisional and territory degree Samurdhi commissions. Bingiriya Divisional Samurdhi Committee is responsible for the execution of the Samurdhi Program in the Bingiriya Division and hence in Ihala Koswaththa.T divisional secretary A cts of the Apostless as the president of this commission and all public officers and authorities caputs are members. The District Samurdhi is comprised of all the caputs of authorities constitutions located in the Kurunegala territory. Bingiriya Samurdhi Maha Sangam or General Union acts as the divisional degree apex organisation of Samurdhi Program for Ihala Koswaththa. This is set up to cover 10,000 Samurdhi beneficiary households and administered by an executive commission comprised of members selected among the presidents of Samurdhi Societies in Bingiriya Division. In add-on to the Samurdhi Program there are several other Microfinance intercessions available in the small town such as SEEDS ( Sarvodaya Economic Enterprise Development Services ) Agromart Foundation Janasurakum Sanwardhana Samupakara Samithiya Vidhatha Samithiya ( Funded through Bingiriya Divisional Secretariat ) Isuru Development Society ( Operated by Wayamba Development Bank or Regional Development Bank ) Villagers in Ihala Koswaththa besides have entree to the Microfinance services offered by other Microfinance suppliers such as SANASA and Cooperative Rural Banks in nearby small towns. They besides rely on other informal recognition beginnings such as money loaners, neighbours, and friends. The traditional system of Seettu is besides practiced by the adult females in Ihala Koswaththa. This systems enables the adult females to salvage to derive entree to chunk amount of money which otherwise would non be able to get. In 2007, Ihala Koswaththa was selected by the Nation Building and Infrastructure Development Ministry as one of the small towns to implement the Gama Naguma Community Development and Livelihood Improvement Project. This undertaking aims to profit Samurdhi receivers island broad. Therefore far the support betterment undertaking has built a library edifice and a undertaking to mend the crushed rock roads and change over them into pitch based roads and concrete tracts has been launched in Ihala Koswaththa. The Samurdhi Program has been chiefly aiming adult females in Ihala Koswaththa for loans. Womans having these loans have become self employment. Harmonizing to Samurdhi field officers, female receivers of Samurdhi in Ihala Koswaththa have been take parting in the Samurdhi selling exhibitions and other assorted trade carnivals. Samurdhi Program and Rural Women s Authorization The basic theory in Microfinance under the fiscal ego sustainability paradigm assumes that increasing adult females s entree to fiscal services empowers them by seting capital in their custodies enabling them to increase their income through self employment and lend financially to their families and communities. This economic authorization is expected to bring forth increased self esteem, regard, and other signifiers of authorization for Microfinance adult females donees ( Cheston Kuhn, 2002, Mayoux, 2002 ) . Most of the adult females interviewed in Ihala Koswaththa small town had obtained loans through the Samurdhi Program by bespeaking in the loan application that they would put in bing income generating activities. This is consistent with the chief aim of the plan, to guarantee recipient engagement in the production procedure by increasing entree to resources for self employment. However, harmonizing to the interviews with recipents the loans were frequently non used for the declared intents. but instead had been used for lodging and household public assistance activities. Mayoux ( 2000 ) points out thatwomen s authorization can non be assumed to be an automatic result of Microfinance plans, unless authorization is an built-in portion of the planning procedure. Microfinance enlargement is improbable to do more than a limited part to empowerment. All of the adult females interviewed in Ihala Koswaththa possessed accomplishments such as weaving baskets, mats, and coconut foliages for thatched roofing, stitching, and doing Sweets. Some adult females had vocational preparation classs such as flower planting and kindergarten learning. Although they had entree to finance through the Samurdhi Program and their accomplishments could hold been utilized for income generating activities, non all of the adult females had an entrepreneurial spirit or were interested in get downing or spread outing their concern. This may hold besides been due to factors such as market and substructure restraints, hazard averseness, deficiency of enabling family environment, and the traditional negative perceptual experience towards liability in Sri Lankan society. Some adult females prefer to work for local industries such as doing incense sticks or lucifer boxes, which are non available in the small town. There were really few exceeding instances of considerable betterment in economic activities through the investing of loans from the Samurdhi Program. The plan is non lending significantly towards the economic authorization of the adult females of Ihala Koswaththa due to the fact that the bulk of adult females did non put their loans in support activities. It is interesting to observe that when it was inquired about how handful figure of their equals had been able to be successful in their self employment with Samurdhi Microfinance services and why the others had non been able to make so, most of these adult females themselves thought that it might hold been due to their deficiency of committedness and hazard averseness. Some adult females were really acute on get downing some little concerns. However, they were non satisfied with the loan sum they received from the Samurdhi Program. They claim that the sum is excessively little to get down a concern. In some instances, they had been able to partly finish their undertakings, such as constructing little stores. However, they were unable to afford get downing their concern because they were worried about taking the hazard of another loan since they had non been able to bring forth any income yet. Refund is required shortly after having the loan, even if they are bring forthing any net income from the new venture. During the interviews with the Samurdhi field staff, it was highlighted that they assess the feasibleness of the loan receivers income bring forthing undertakings by sing them before allowing the loans. Harmonizing to the staff, they monitor the advancement of these undertakings on regular footing. However, the donees said that in most instances, the field staff had non visited them before allowing the loans and did non supervise their advancement unless they had been given a well big amount of money. It was non hard for the receivers to acquire loans by mentioning to their existing undertakings and misdirect the officers. If the receivers made their refunds on clip, the field officers were non concerned with their activities.. There were some instances of non refund of loans reported by the field staff and the group members. All of the adult females who were interviewed managed the loan refunds on clip with the income from their bing support activities, with the aid of their hubbies, or in utmost instances with uninterrupted loans from neighbours and money loaners. This was despite the fact that they had non invested the loan into income generating activities. Although the Samurdhi Program re

How To Write A Last-Minute Essay

How To Write A Last-Minute Essay How to Write a Last-Minute Essay Sometimes students get caught up by time, and he/she is forced to write an essay uncomfortably quickly to meet the deadline. Students find themselves in this situation for either having postponed writing the perfect essay for too long or he/she has been busy to find the time and work on the assignment. However, do not worry, is it very possible to write the essay in the last minute. Needless to say, as a good and focused student it is advised you make preemptive plans to beat the assignment deadline and avoid last minute rush since it is not advisable for your grades. This article offers some insightful tips, do’s and don’ts on how to write a last-minute essay. Adopt the right mindset When it is too late to start the work, anyone can panic and restlessness. Such emotional discontentment would worsen the situation and make you lose focus. Remain goal-oriented and optimistic that you would meet the deadline and get to work. Last minute essay writing requires focus and attention and intolerance to negative thoughts. Plan and prepare your workstation Pick a good working station or create one. Ensure you have a comfortable seating position, clean environment and proper and lighting. Assemble all the materials you need for the essay writing and keep them on the working table. Â  Plan how to execute each of your tasks ahead and slot time for them. Start with the easier tasks and handle the more complicated ones later. Switch off your phone and social networks Distraction is the last thing you need when writing an essay at the last minute. To avoid unnecessary distraction, switch off your mobile phone and log out all social networking sites. This allows you to focus on finishing the work. The irresistible urge to open social network or your phone is much lower and aggressive is they are out of reach. Inform your friends and family members that you will be busy doing your homework for a while, and you do not need interruption or distraction unless it is a serious emergency. Read the question carefully Read and understand the tasks very well. If you rush to answer the questions, you are more likely to miss some details or give irrelevant information. Irrelevant information is the last thing you would wish to have at this time,needless to say, it would set you back and threaten your scores. Type your essay rather than handwriting it Handwriting and then transferring the typed work wastes a lot of precious time. Therefore, type rather than handwrite to save on the work. Keep saving your work as you go along. This is the last time you need your computer, and therefore ensure you save your work on your computer and online to eliminate any chance of losing your progress to an electrical fault. While typing directly into the document, make your notes on the document to avoid using hard copies that need more time to integrate into your final document. Rewrite the notes into the essay with notes or support sentences to explain them. Save the introduction and conclusion To write a good introduction and conclusion requires time, which in this case is in limited supply. Therefore, avoid writing the introduction and conclusion after you are through with the body paragraphs. Writing the body paragraphs would give you leverage in writing them. For the conclusion, try to rewrite the conclusion whilst reasserting the thesis statement. Wrap the conclusion with a good summative statement in an interesting manner that wraps the content. Do the references as you go along Saving to do the referencing for the last minute is not only time consuming, but also likely to do unintentional plagiarism. For each time, you quote someone, ensure you reference properly since tracking the quotes later can be time-consuming and could lead easily be missed. Proofread as you go along Ensure your work is perfect as you progress. Proofread as you go on writing the essay to avoid later revisiting the whole essay to find and correct your mistakes. It also helps to avoid leaving out important content in the essay writing. Each mistake is handled early and less likely going to be catastrophic. Don’t be tempted to copy and paste Do not be tempted to plagiarize your work. Do not assume your course instructor cannot note plagiarized work and if caught you will suffer grave consequences. Copy pasting also lowers the quality of your work since integrating distinctive texts from various sources may not be possible without proper synthesis of the information and editing it to fit your situation. Always remember, better late than never. 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Concisely, the aforementioned tips and guidelines can be very helpful when doing last minute essay writing. This is the ultimate guideline on how to write an essay at the last minute, and hopefully, you found it helpful. However, do not dwell on it, rather get working to avoid the deadline from catching up with you.

The Case of the Performance Appraisal Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The of the Performance Appraisal - Case Study Example At the very beginning of the hiring process, discrimination maybe avoided through adequate training of individuals involved in the selection process on age discrimination laws and regulation, creation of a well-structured criterion that is not biased heavily towards younger applicants. Like all problems revolving around the workforce, age discrimination is also an issue that is best handled as early as it occurs. A strong commitment by the management and a proactive attitude towards the elimination of this problem is essential. This involves a careful review of job descriptions to analyze the scope of responsibilities at each position and ensuring the existence of a good compensation system. Additionally a clear and transparent performance appraisal system is necessary in communicating a just and fair management that bases its decisions for layoffs on performance indicators as opposed to controversial factors such as age.(Jenny Cromie, 2008). Experts propound that decisions that are based on â€Å"the position and not the person† are less likely to be received as discriminatory by the workforce (Jenny Cromie, 2008). In a study on age discrimination in stimulated employment settings it was found that older people are less likely to be rated favorably in the absence of job relevant information (Finkelstein, Burke & Raju 1995) In order to discourage discrimination by coworkers, managers must ensure the clear communication of company policy on age discrimination highlighting its commitment to providing equal opportunities and maintaining a fair approach towards the entire workforce. Section III An increasing number of employees are covered by the Age Discrimination and Employment Act (ADEA) which overs employees over 40 years of age. Such laws in addition to a relatively sluggish world economy has contributed to a large number of older workers preferring to stay in their jobs for longer than some employers may expect (Jenny Cromie, 2008). Under such conditio ns it is not uncommon that corporations are often drawn into lengthy lawsuits by laid off employees in addition to facing the lack of morale in the workers that remain. It is therefore useful to consider alternative options that allow organizations to retain their elderly workers without experiencing an increase in costs. A mutually beneficial arrangement in the form of ‘Job Sharing’ appears as a useful tool for employers who wish to retain older employees. This could effectively make it possible for the business to make part time work available and hence attract applicants while still retaining the full time coverage of a job. The combination of different perspectives and experiences on the same job can be fruitful in generating new and creative ideas and speedy problem solving techniques. Encouraging professional development of the work force in general and ensuring adequate training of older employees as newer systems are adopted can also help in reducing the gap bet ween

Applying qualitative research methodology to an educational problem Paper

Applying qualitative methodology to an educational problem - Research Paper Example roach is most appropriate using structured and semi-structured interview templates, observational research scenarios, or a blend of survey assessments designed to examine subject responses. Are the study habits of online versus traditional students different? This research question can be answered using the structured and semi-structured interview. First, an appropriate sample population must be determined based on researcher tools at his or her disposal and the feasibility of getting consistent results from students in the online environment. For this study, using interactive media tools, online interviews can be conducted using chat technology and similar social networking sites. Recruiting the population would involve achieving participation with the online college or university website to distribute a notice that interviews for academic study habits are available and to register for this event. This could achieve a potential sample population of 5 to 15 students, depending on willingness to participate in the online interview. Personal interviews with traditional, on-campus students could be conducted at any local college or university, with a recruitment sample of 5-15 students additionally who might be willing to be interviewed for this research study. The interviews will ask specific questions pertaining to study habits, to both the traditional and online students. Questions such as Do you prefer to study alone or in groups? and similar templates will spotlight behavioral responses regarding the performance of studying. These would be determined based on the available secondary literature on the subject and the professional/expert theories regarding previously-examined study behaviors of both groups. This secondary research could potentially create a template of potential interview questions which remove issues of researcher bias or other situations which may impact validity. The interview format is most appropriate for this study because it allows the

Essay --

There was once a poor, elderly fisherman with a wife and three children, who was in the habit of casting his net exactly four times each day. Despite he lived near a sea, his catch wasn't enough to feed the family and earn money for life, sometimes he had to choose between these things. His wife was always angry, she complained to herself about living with nothing. The children weren't clever, but they were good at fishing, and most of the time the old man took two of them with him when he was going fishing leaving one to help his mother. Once there was a storm, cloud were covering the whole sky so the sun couldn't be seen. Nobody in their right mind would go in such weather to the sea. But in fisherman's house left no food, so he was made by his wife to go there. He was standing on a cliff holding the net in his skinny, quavering. Suddenly a wave bumped him and he fall down in water. Waking up he realized that he was lying on sand in the sun. He found his net lying in seventeen meters from him, he came to it. But what's this? A golden lamp was entangled in his net. When he found the way to his home he put the lamp on the kitchen table for taking it to sale in a town. Telling his wife not to touch the lamp he went for fishing again, because he brought nothing but an old dirty lamp. He caught some fish for the dinner and went home. "I'm going to the town today to sell this lamp"- he said to the family. Before he went out he decided to polish the lap firstly to get more money. He started to polish it and a bright light illuminated the entire room. When the light had gone he saw a man looking at him, but there were no legs, there was just a smoke instead of them. "Who are you?!" - the fisherman asked. "I am called Jahar. I can f... ...aming that there had been no gold left, that she had spent all money and when she had not been able to pay the guard, they burned the house, killed her sons and took the gold. The man felt nothing but rage that fueled by his hatred for her. He smiled and told her to come with him, when they came to a room he took a dagger and slowly put stubbed it in her back. Seeing her dying in pain he understood that he caused all troubles by allowing jinn intervene in their lives. He took the lamp and came to the smith with the dagger with help of which he killed his wife. He gave it to him telling him to be careful with his wishes and put the dagger in his neck. He opened his eyes. He absolutely shocked lying in at home his bed near his wife absolutely shocked. It was just a dream. He went to the kitchen, took the lamp and ran to the sea to throw it away for nobody to find it.

Project Management Organizational Structures Paper Essay

Introduction At the start of every project, it is important to select the organization structure. There are three organizational structures the functional, matrix, and pure project structures. Each structure has its advantages and disadvantages. All three are different and when it comes to structuring a project the project managers is in charge of deciding which organizational structure is best fit for the project. This paper will focus on functional structure, matrix structure and pure project structure. Functional Project In a functional project structure, employees are departmentalized by task similarity, and projects are performed inside the departmental unit such as accounting, marketing and human resources departments are examples of units grouped together based on the functions they perform (Murray, 2014). Functional project structure is the most successful and oldest structure. In functional project structure components are divide into two a project is assigning to a functional manager who coordinates with others to assigning the project to different departments. Each department is in charge of completing their portion of the work and reporting to the department managers. Advantage and Disadvantages Functional structure project has both advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages is the flexibility and staff contributions. Employees are switched back and forth between projects. The department will be able to provide professional and technical personnel and after completion of the work it can go back to his original work. The disadvantage is that this structure is not very effective when used on more complex projects. The individual accountability is not recognized. An other disadvantages the focus is not set on the client it is focused on activities rather than function, slow responses , lack of interest and motivation in certain areas, and difficulties in communicating.Difficulties in coordination is an other  disadvantage since project manager are only responsible for part of the project and others are responsible for other parts of the project. Matrix Project The matrix structure is a combination of both the functional and pure project organizational structures. The matrix structure was evolved from the flaws of the functional and pure project structures. In the matrix structure, functional managers and project managers have the equal powers. Since both functional and project manager are equal the staff generally works under two bosses. This structure works well when more than one project is being coordinated. Advantage and Disadvantage The advantage of the matrix structure is the highly skilled and capable resources can be shared between the functional units and important strategic projects. An other advantage is that efficiency is higher. A disadvantage is that staff has to report to two bosses, which can add confusion, and conflicts may arise since both bosses have equal authority and power. The disadvantages of the Matrix structure include balancing out who is in charge of the project, failure of project due to lack of negotiating skills, and balancing time, cost, and performance. Pure project The pure project structure dedicates it resources and self-contained staff to work full time on the project. Pure project structure is mostly used on complex projects since it strongly focuses on the work and completing the project. This structure reacts rapidly to the needs of clients contrary to those in the functional organizational structure. In this structure each project manager is appointed and is responsible to conduct all responsibility associated with the project. The project manager has full authority of the of the project. Advantage and Disadvantage The pure project structure advantages are that it is clear of who has the projects authority, it access special expertise, the project is focused and prioritized, as well simplified communications. This structure allows the project to be separated from the rest of the parent system becoming a self contained unit with its own staff, administration, and tying to the parent  firm through periodic progress reports and oversight (Meredith, 2012). In this structure staffs only report to on person so decisions are made quicker. Pure project structure disadvantages are include duplication of effort, rivalries, uncertain reintegration of resources and unclear motivations and loyalties as well goals and policies can be ignored. This structure disadvantages also include the transfers in technology and the use of resources, inconsistencies, and the project taking on a life of its own. Best Method Not any of the three organization structure is better than another. Each structure has its advantages and disadvantages as discussed above. When it come into choosing which organization structure to use decision depends on what the project manager is trying to accomplish. All three structures work differently depending on the project so the project manager has to decide which organizational structure best suits that project. In doing so the factors that contribute to the project manager decision are the available resources, finances, and the timeline that project needs to be completed. For the project to be successful the project manager must compare and contrast the three organization structures and decide which is most suitable. Conclusion Organizational structures show the methods that can be used by an organization. The use of these structures determine the success and improvement of the productivity in an organization. Each structure is used to improve how organizations report and communicate with the other elements within the organization. Organizational structures are viewed as guidelines to set in place to assist task performance to all involved in the project. Functional organization, Pure Project organization, and Matrix organization are the three most popular project management structures that are still used today due to their success. REFERENCES Kerzner, H. (200). Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling (10th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Meredith, J. R. (2012). Project Management: A managerial approach (8th Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. What is a functional project management structure?. (2010-2012). Retrieved from http://www.projectmanagementquestions.com/2966/what-is-a-functional-projectmanagement-structure Murray, L. (2014). The Advantages of Functional Project Organizational Structure. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-functional-project-organizational- structure-2739.html Three types of Project Management Organizations. (2010-2012). Retrieved from http://www.mypmhome.com/three-types-of-project-management-organizations/

The Lesbians, Bisexual, Transgender, and Gay Community and...

Today’s widespread liberty has brought a life to every individual which was inconceivable in the ages of conservatism. Although the alteration in our life commonly accepted heading in a direction of the better, there are some fields in this better life where people tend to have abusive, violent and endless debates. The most controversial topic connected straight to the LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) people. While growing amount of sex change surgeries are performed, its public judgement reached extremity due to the disagreement between those, who think it shouldn’t be regulated by the state and advertising these operation doesn’t violate the individual’s liberty and the others, who state its opposite. From the 1980’s has been a lot of organizations and â€Å"Pride parades† advertising the lifestyle being â€Å"other†, however, the codification to the law which shelter the right of these people started in the recent years. The latest report voted by the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home affairs of European Parliament, urge the Member States to develop action plans promoting respect for LGBT persons and protection of their fundamental rights .It also urges the Member States to make overtures to public regulations and so grant the possibilities to these people when they desire to change their gender. Some might ask a question why they are talking about gender not sex. There are two different words in the English language to define someone’s genus.Show MoreRelatedThe Black Man s Burden By Henry Louis Gates Jr.1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthis time. 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